关键词：城中村更新，政策，拆迁/改造，综合整治，建筑风格，空间形态
摘 要：大量人口涌入城市,促成了中国城市蔓延。乡村没有足够的时间进行自我更新,成为直接参与城市肌理。因此,农村村庄已经城市化。在过去40年中国惊人的快速城市化进程中,城中村通过容纳大量流动人口,在城市中发挥了不可替代的作用,从而缓解了快速城市化带来的住房日益短缺的问题。然而,长期以来备受争议的城中村如何改造问题,仍因其独特的特点而存在。
近年来,深圳通过对原有村庄建筑(高7 ~ 8层)进行改造,改建为出租公寓,取代拆迁,作为综合整治的规划政策(综合整治),对城中村进行更新。综合整治是否适用于北方的城中村?本研究发现,南北方城中村的形成机制和发展规律相似,转型过程中面临的挑战和矛盾也是相似的。但在空间形态和建筑风格上存在差异。北京典型城中村在建筑容积率方面表现为北高北低的四角形房屋两层楼的形式相对较低。此外,空间形态与城中村的商业形态有关,也影响村民集体份额和租金收入构成的收入,这些收入来源于固定资产(如房屋、厂房)。空间形态和商业形态反过来又影响着转型模式(拆迁/再开发或整合转型)的成本。因此,我们认为,在政策决策中不应忽视物理空间的区域差异,在不同的地方政策下应该考虑和适用不同的标准。
Abstract:Vast populations have spread into cities and contributed to urban sprawl in China. Rural villages have not had enough time to self-renew and become directly involved in the urban fabric. As a result, rural villages have become urbanized. Throughout the shockingly speedy process of urbanization in China over the past four decades, the urban village has played an irreplaceable role in the city by accommodating a vast number of migrants, thus mitigating the problem of the increasing shortage of housing brought about by rapid urbanization. However, the long-standing, controversial question of how to renovate urban villages remains due to their unique characteristics. In recent years, instead of demolition, Shenzhen renew the urban villages by renovating the original village buildings (which are 7–8 stories tall) and converting them into rental apartments, as the planning policy of comprehensive renovation (zonghezhengzhi). Could the comprehensive renovation be applied to urban villages in the north of the country? In this study, we found that the formation mechanism and development of urban villages in the north and south are similar, and the challenges and contradictions in the process of transformation are alike. However, there are differences in spatial form and architectural style. The typical urban village in Beijing shows the form of quadrangular houses two stories tall or less in the north is relatively low in terms of building volume ratio. In addition, the spatial form is related to the commercial form of the urban village and also influences the income consisting of the villagers' collective share and rental income, which is derived from fixed assets (e.g. houses, factory buildings). In turn, spatial and commercial form affects the cost of the mode of transformation (demolition/redevelopment or integrated transformation). Therefore, we believe that regional differences in physical space should not be ignored in policy decisions and that different criteria should be considered and applied under different local policies.
Key:urban village renewal, policy, demolition/reconstruction, comprehensive renovation, architectural styles, spatial form
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