关键词： 生态系统服务，景观功能，资源管理，区域空间规划
摘要：与其他国家相比，德国的景观规划开发得较早，并且在不同的联邦州有很多变化，差异化的项目中产生了丰富的经验。因此，德国能够作为一个有趣的案例，用以了解某些框架条件下景观规划的优势和不足。本文的目的是在治理条件的背景下描述德国景观规划系统及其发展和特征。本文采用的研究方法是文献综述法。景观规划的一个重要里程碑是被纳入1976年的《联邦自然保护法》。自此，景观规划成为了一项预防性规划，涵盖了广泛的自然资源，并在空间上规定了自然保护和景观管理的一般法律目标。事实证明，将环境问题纳入空间发展是有效的。但是，景观规划不能阻止诸如城市化和农业集约化的强大发展力。德国景观规划的具体形式和实施方案有以下几种形式：（i）具有相当强大的合法化和公众参与界限的治理环境； （ii）宪法上的障碍限制了私有财产的无限使用；（iii）联邦制在计划层次之间分配了不平衡的能力。为了提高德国景观规划的有效性，本文提出了一些建议，例如更好地获取和统一景观规划中的信息。此外，还应加强规划和执行手段之间的联系。
Abstract: Compared to other countries, in Germany landscape planning was developed early and has many variations in different federal states. This has generated many experiences with different planning arrangements. Additionally, it makes Germany an interesting example for learning about the strengths and pitfalls of landscape planning under certain framework conditions. The objective of this paper is to describe the system of German landscape planning, its development and its features in the context of governance conditions. The method applied for this purpose is a literature review. An important milestone for landscape planning was its inclusion into the Federal Nature Conservation Act in 1976. Here, landscape planning was established as a precautionary planning, covering a broad range of natural assets and spatially specifying the general legal objectives of nature conservation and landscape management. It turned out to be effective for the inclusion of environmental concerns into spatial development. However, landscape planning could not halt strong driving forces such as urbanization and intensification of agriculture. The specific form and implementation options of German landscape planning can be explained by (i) a governance context with rather strong legalization and respective boundaries for public participation; (ii) by the constitutional barriers to unlimited use of private property and (iii) by a federal system with an unbalanced distribution of competencies between planning tiers. For enhancing the effectiveness of German landscape planning, recommendations are deduced, which include, for example, better access to and homogenization of the information in landscape plans. Furthermore, links between planning and implementation instruments should be strengthened.
Key: Ecosystem services, Landscape functions, Resource management, Regional spatial planning
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