关键词：新城市主义，城市形态，体育活动，主动出行，GPS（全球定位系统）
摘 要：儿童的主动旅行（AT，即步行、骑自行车）大幅下降，尤其是独立主动旅行（IAT）。越来越多的研究对成年人的步行行为进行了研究，以检验新城市主义者的假设，即设计特征应支持行人活动。据报道，与传统的郊区社区相比，新城市社区的成人步行社区更多。然而，在新城市主义背景下对儿童主动出行（AT）的研究代表性不足。本研究调查了传统和新城市居民区的邻里设计与儿童积极学校旅行（AST）之间的关系。使用了三种类型的数据收集方法：调查、旅行日志和设备（加速计和GPS装置）。传统郊区和新城市居民区的367名4-5年级学生，参加了儿童调查。在367人中，有60人连续7天佩戴加速计和GPS装置，并记录了旅行日记。建筑环境（BE）变量包括上学距离、儿童人口密度、混合土地使用、街道密度、交叉口和人行道密度，以及家庭周围的体育活动（PA）位置，在ArcGIS中每个参与者家的四分之一英里缓冲区内进行测量。此外，还对254名居住在离学校2英里范围内有机会步行的学生进行了分析。T检验证实，所有BE变量在传统和新城市居民区之间存在显著差异。与传统社区的儿童相比，新城市主义儿童步行的天数是传统社区儿童的两倍，骑自行车的天数是传统社区儿童的5-7倍。从（1）人行道网络、（2）交通特征和（3）学校路线周围的PA位置的角度解释地图。最后，研究结果表明，需要进一步测试与儿童主动旅行（AT）相关的新城市主义设计原则，以支持制定邻里设计政策和干预措施，为儿童提供健康促进益处。
Abstract: Children’s active travel (AT—i.e., walking, bicycling) has declined substantially, especially for independent active travel (IAT). An increasing number of studies have examined walking behaviour of adults to test the new urbanist hypothesis that design features should support pedestrian activity. More neighbourhood adult walking has been reported in new urbanist communities than in conventional suburban neighbourhoods. However, study of children’s AT in new urbanist settings is under-represented. This study investigates the association between neighbourhood design and children’s active school travel (AST) in conventional and new urbanist neighbourhoods. Three types of data collection methods were used: survey, travel diary, and devices (accelerometers and GPS units). 4-5th graders, 367 children in conventional suburban and new urbanist neighbourhoods, participated in the children’s survey. Among 367, 60 wore accelerometers and GPS units for seven consecutive days and recorded a travel diary. Built environment (BE) variables including distance to school, children’s population density, mixed land use, street density, intersection and sidewalk density, and physical activity (PA) locations around the home were measured within a quarter mile buffer of each participant’s home in ArcGIS. Analyses of a further 254 students living within 2 miles from school with opportunities for walking were also conducted. T-test confirmed all BE variables were significantly different between conventional and new urbanist neighbourhoods. New urbanist children engaged in twice the number of days of walking and 5-7 times more days of biking compared to children in conventional neighbourhoods. Maps were interpreted from the perspective of (1) sidewalk network, (2) traffic features, and (3) PA locations around the routes to schools. Results finally suggest the need for further tests of new urbanist design principles in relation to children’s AT to support development of neighbourhood design policies and interventions that may provide health promotion benefits to children.
Key: New Urbanism, Urban Form, Physical Activity, Active Travel, GPS (global positioning system)
全文: DOI