关键词：地表温度，温度发射率分离，环境空气温度，土地利用，应力程度天数
摘 要：城市气候变化和城市变暖是不容忽视的严重问题。这些变化的一个最常见的推论是史无前例的、无计划的城市化，它导致了当地、地区乃至全球气温的上升。尽管城市化速度决定并极大地影响城市的社会经济价值和人均GDP，但如果城市扩张是危险的，它可能会造成严重的环境危害。过去三十年来，全球城市人口急剧增长，亚洲和非洲城市的增长率最高。据预测，从现在到2050年，这两个大陆将占城市总增长的近90%。印度是少数几个在气温上升方面极易受到气候变化恶劣影响的国家之一。20世纪90年代后，由于城市化，印度的景观发生了重大变化，导致地表和环境空气温度显著升高，进一步影响了地球的健康。气温升高严重影响城市居民的健康，导致压力和不适程度上升。陆地表面温度（LST）的估计可以在理解特定区域的温度变化方面发挥重要作用，因为它使用卫星数据捕获整个区域并以像素的形式提供信息。传统上，温度是在气象站测量的，然后推断整个地区的温度，这会导致不准确性。这种不准确性可以通过建立地表温度与环境空气温度的关系来修正。本次交流的重点是使用对应于各种土地利用类别的辐射传递方程算法估算地表温度。本研究还试图建立在两个气象站观测到的地表温度与环境空气温度之间的关系。研究人员还对这些居民承受压力的天数进行了几年的全面评估。加尔各答大都市区作为研究区域，以代表结果和了解完整的分析。在研究期间(2000 -2019年)，由于城市地区增长了200%，观测到地表温度上升了6.77°C。分析表明，由于城市温度的变化，研究区压力日数有增加的趋势。这些结果以及来自科学界、城市规划者和气候专家的建议，将有助于制定或修改当前的政策框架，以在发展和环境之间建立平衡，从而创造可持续的城市发展。
Abstract:Urban climate changes and the warming of the cities are serious issues that cannot be overlooked. One of the most common inferences for these changes is unprecedented and unplanned urbanization, which further causes a rise in local, regional, and even global temperatures. Although the rate of urbanisation defines and greatly influences the city's socioeconomic worth and GDP per capita, if the urban expansion is hap-hazardous, it can cause serious environmental harm.There has been a steep rise in global urban population over the past three decades, and the highest growth rates have been observed in Asian and African cities. These two continents have been predicted to contribute to almost 90% of the total urban growth from the present to 2050. India is one of the few highly susceptible countries to the harsh effects of climate change in terms of rise in temperatures. After 1990s’, India has observed substantial changes in the landscape due to urbanization, which has led to a significant rise in the surface and ambient air temperatures, further affecting the planet's health. Elevated temperature drastically affects the health of urban dwellers leading to a rise in stress and discomfort levels. Estimation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) can play a vital role in understanding the region-specific alterations in temperatures as it uses satellite data that captures the entire region and provides the information in the form of pixels. Traditionally, the temperature was measured at meteorological stations and extrapolated for the entire region,whichinduces inaccuracies. This ambiguity can be amended by developing a relationship between LST and ambient air temperature. This communication focuses on LST estimation using Radiative Transfer Equation algorithm corresponding to various Landuse categories. The study also attempts to create a relationship between the LST and the ambient air temperature observed at two meteorological stations. An overall assessment of the number of days under stress for the residents was also performed over several years. Kolkata Metropolitan Area was considered the study area to represent the results and understand the complete analysis. A rise of 6.77°C was observed in LST over the study period (2000 -2019) due to an increment of 200% in the urban area. Analysis of the number of days under stress showed an increasing trend for the study area due to alterations in urban temperatures. These results and the suggestions from the scientific community, urban planners, and climate experts will help develop or modify the current policy frameworks for creating a balance between development and the environment, thus creating sustainable urban development.
Key: Land Surface Temperature, Temperature Emissivity Separation, Ambient Air Temperature, Landuse, Stress Degree Days
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